Reading electric vehicle specs: power output and battery size

If you’ve started to look into EVs for your fleet, you may be encountering some new terms that describe electric vehicle battery size, power output and efficiency. Here we simplify some of the specifications that might be new to you, and match them up with their equivalents in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

EV power (kW, not horsepower)

As you read about EVs, you will see kW, or kilowatts, in addition to horsepower. Both mean the same thing: power output. 

The term horsepower comes from back when car builders were trying to explain engines to people who still got around with actual horses. In an EV, kilowatts keep the measurement for motor output, battery size and charging rates all on the same terms. 

That said, like those stagecoach drivers from a century ago, not all EV buyers are comfortable working with kW just yet, so automakers will often still list horsepower figures. A quick conversion gets you to whichever figure you need.

Torque is still expressed in the same terms: Newton-metres (Nm) in metric, or pound-feet (lb-ft) in imperial measurements. In Canada, we typically use lb-ft.

EV efficiency (kWh or Le per 100km, not litres)

You’re probably used to working with fuel consumption in litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km). With EVs, two different measurements can be used. 

One is litres-equivalent per 100 kilometres, or Le/100 km. Natural Resources Canada uses this to express an EV’s energy use in the same terms as a combustion vehicle, with a conversion of 8.9 kWh as the energy equivalent of one litre of gasoline.¹ This is useful for understanding EV energy use relative to a combustion counterpart, but it doesn’t help with calculating costs.

To do that, you’ll want to use the other measurement, which is kWh/100 km. This tells you how many kilowatt-hours of power an EV will use to travel 100 kilometres. Once you know how much you’re paying per kWh for energy, this measurement is just as useful to you as L/100 km. It’s the one you’ll refer to most often when working on your budgets.

Electric vehicle battery size (kWh, not litres)

Electric vehicle battery size is expressed in terms of how much power the battery will hold, just like the litres in a fuel tank. The vehicle’s stated range is obtained by dividing the battery capacity by the efficiency rating. The bigger the battery (131 kWh for the 2022 Ford F-150 Lightning extended range), the further an EV can go (515 km, versus 370 km for the standard range 98 kWh battery pack) on a single charge. However, just like in a combustion vehicle, there’s more to this: driving style, outside temperature, road conditions, towing and payload demands, and more can affect real-world range. But this figure is a good baseline for comparing range between EVs with similar specifications.

Consult our list of electric vehicles available now

Side by side: the 2023 Ford F-150 ICE and EV

	ICE: F-150 SuperCrew® 4×4 2.7L EcoBoost™ V6 / 145” WB	2023 F-150 Lightning XLT (standard range battery)	2023 F-150 Lightning XLT (extended range battery)
Horsepower 2	325 hp	452hp / 337kW	580 hp / 433 kW
Torque 2	400 lb-ft	775 lb-ft	775 lb-ft
Towing 3 ✦	10,100 lbs. (4,581 kg)	7,700 lbs. (3,493 kg)	10,000 lbs. (4,535 kg)
Payload 2 ✦	1,965 lbs. (891 kg)	2,000 lbs. (907 kg)	1,800 lbs. (816 kg)
Fuel Consumption 4	12.0L / 100km	3.4 Le/100 km	3.3 Le/100 km
Fuel Tank / Battery Capacity 2	136L	98 kWh	131 kWh
Cost to Refuel (Toronto prices, Nov. 2022) 5	$220.32 @ $1.62/L (regular unleaded)	$7.25 @ $0.074/kWh (off-peak)	$9.69 @ $0.074/kWh (off-peak)
Estimated range on a full tank / charge 4, 6 ✻	1,100 km	386 km	515 km

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Next up: Learn about EV charging speeds and charging connector plugs.